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L'ancien site est a présent archivé pour la postérité et en mode "lecture seule". Vous pouvez consulter l'ensemble du contenu et des anciennes discussions du forum,
mais plus créer de nouveaux topics ni écrire de nouvelles réponses.
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Entr-aide !!!
(Sujet créé par Durandal l 21/07/06 à 14:00)
Bon, alors en relisant les topics de la section libre, je n'ai pas trouvé de topic traitant de l'entr-aide. Comme cela se fait beaucoup dans certaines communautés, je me suis dit, qu'il pourrait être sympa de se rendre mutuellement des services. Je sais l'idée est un peu naïve, mais par exemple, on peut demander a quelqu'un de callé dans tel ou tel domaine un petit coup de pouce ! Ca faut du bien, et ca ressere les liens Voila, j'espere que vous serez nombreux à y participer !
Ce n'est pas de l'opportunisme ! Non, c'est juste que je ne parle pas parfaitement anglais, et j'aurais besoin d'une petite correction sur cette introduction. Merci d'avance Et cela bon pour un service rendu !
Introduction:
The North american culture is established on religion. Nowadays most people in united states are religious: Protestants, Catholics, Muslims are next to scientists, mormons, evangelists or presbiterians. The United states were already a landing square for persecuted people for their religion. As the constitution says in her first amendment : « congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion. », that's the proof, that religion as ever held a big rôle/place in the american society. Founded as the Official-story says by Pilgrims Father (The Mayflower in 1620) , most cities and countries are structured by religion in this « New England ».
Religion can produce a kind of ideology, this ideological movement could be ever bad used. Sometimes when people want to hold the truth, intolerancy and extremism could grow up. In 1693 ended in the little village of Salem (near to Boston) many trials for witchcraft. 19 people (men and women) were killed by hanging. They were condamned for witchcraft by a state court called court of Oyer and Terminer (to hear and determine.).In fact in 1692, eight young townswomen fell victim to « fits, outbreaks of obscene babbling » (as the judge says 1693), the girls claimed directly they were bewitched by anybody in the neighborhood and possessed by the devil. In that time, people were very superstitious, and evils, demons, and others demonicals creatures were sensed to stray in forests, and also they could bewitched anybody. The court held by Governor Phips enjailed around hundred people for witchcraft.
Now how could we analyse that ? Nowadays we believed not any longer that anybody was actually possessed by the devil. So, could we conclude that's it's was just an effect of a puritan society ? (find anybody already guilty and comdamned, to ward off the devil.) Or could we found today with scientifical workings, a new explanation for the symptoms of the 8 girls ? We'll try to do it, with in first part, a analysis of the background and trials progress, and secondly we will try to understand this very famous story with a new explanation (published in 2004 by the scientist J.Woolf.)
La culture nord-américaine est basé sur la religion. De nos jours la plupart des habitants des Etats Unis sont croyants: Protestants, catholiques, musulmans are next to scientists (qui sont presque des sciences), mormons, évangelists ou presbitériens.
Les Etats Unis ont toujours été une terre d'accueil pour les personnes persécutées à cause de leur religion. Comme la constitition le dit dans le premier amendement: "le congrés ne votera aucune loi concernant une religion établit". C'est la preuve que la religion a toujours tenu une place importante dans la société américaine. Founded as the Official-story says Par les pères-pelerins,la plupart des villes et pays sont structurés par la religion dans cette "nouvelle angleterre".
La religion peut créer une sorte d'idéologie, ce mouvement peut toujours être mal utilisé. Parfois lorsque les gens pensent détenir la vérité cela peut conduire à l'intolérence et à l'extrémisme.
En 1963 dans le village de Salem (prés de Boston)cela c'est terminé par des enquêtes sur la sorcellerie. 19 personnes (hommes et femmes) ont été exécuté par pendaison. Ils furent condamnés pour sorcellerie par une court nommée court of Oyer and Terminer (pour entendre et déterminer).
En fait en 1692, huit jeunes citadines ont été accusés d'avoir tenus des propos obsènes (selon les termes du juge de 1963) les jeunes filles ont déclaré avoir été envouté par quelqu'un du voisinage et être possédées par le démon. A cette époque les gens étaient trés supersticieux et le mal, les démons et autres créatures démoniaques étaient sensées vivre dans la forêt et pouvoir enchanter les gens.
La court dirigé par le Gouverneur Phips a fait emprisonné environ une centaine de personnes pour sorcellerie. Maintenant comment pouvons nous analyser cela? De nos jours nous ne croyons plus que quelqu'un puisse être possédé par le demon. Alors pouvons nous conclure qu'il s'agissait juste d'une conséquence de la société putitaine?(find anybody already guilty and comdamned, to ward off the devil.) Ou pouvons nous trouver aujourd'hui, grace à un travail scientifique, une nouvelle explication aux symptomes de ces 8 jeunes filles? Nous essaierrons de le faire avec premièrement une analyse du contexte and trials progress et ensuite nous tenterons de comprendre cette célèbre histoire avec une nouvelle explication.
(publié en 2004 par le scientifique J.Woolf.)
En gros ça donne quelquechose comme ça, j'ai fait vite et j'ai pas relu alors il faudra fignoler.
Sisi mdr... Enfin merci Elth', je vois juste que ce que j'ai ecris veut dire quelque chose une fois traduit
Are next to scientist==> qui cotoient
Founded as the Official story says==> Fondé comme le dit l'histoire officielle
Find anybody already guilty and comdamned, to ward off the devil==> trouver quelqu'un coupable par avance, et donc condamné, et cela pour exorciser le demon
Enfin voila ce que je voulais dire. Merci en tous cas
modérateur Aes Sedai Co-resp de la Tour Blanche demi-Fluffy
The North American culture is based on religion. Nowadays most people in the United States are religious: Protestants, Catholics, Muslims are next to scientists, mormons, evangelists or presbiterians. The United States were already a landing square for people who were persecuted for their religion. As it is stated in the first amendment of the Constitution: « congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion. », that is the proof that religion has (tu veux une claque ) ever had a prominent status in the American society. Founded as the Official-story says by the Pilgrims Father (The Mayflower for example) , most cities and countries are structured by religion in « New England ».
Religion can generate a kind of ideology, which could sometimes be ill used. Sometimes when people want to hold the Truth, intolerancy and extremism could grow up. In 1693, in the little village of Salem (near Boston) many people were tried for witchcraft. 19 people (men and women) were hung. They were condemned for witchcraft by a state court called court of Oyer and Terminer (to hear and determine.).In fact in 1692, eight young townswomen were subjected to « fits, outbreaks of obscene babbling » (as the judge says in 1693), the girls claimed that they had been bewitched by someone in the neighborhood and possessed by the devil. At that time, people were very superstitious, and evils, demons, and others demonical creatures were supposed to stray in forests. It was also believed that they could bewitched anybody. The court held by Governor Phips enjailed around a hundred people for witchcraft.
Now how could we analyse that ? Nowadays we no longer believe that someone is actually possessed by the devil. So, could we conclude that it was just an effect of a puritan society ? (find anybody already guilty and comdemned, to ward off the devil.) Or could we found today with scientifical means, a new explanation to the symptoms of the 8 girls ? We will try to do it, with inthe first part, the analysis of the background and the development of the trial , and in the second part we will try to understand this very famous story ending with a new explanation (published in 2004 by the scientist J.Woolf.)
coucou les zaminches ! voila j'ai fini mon exposé. Si quelqu'un a un peu de temps, peut il me corriger la fin de mon boulot Je remercie mille fois la brave personne qui m'aidera, et qui m'apportera son soutien inconditionnel dans ce qui restera une oeuvre majeure de la littérature estudiantine (enfin une fois corrigé hein ) Merci d'avance, et comme le dit ce topic, Bon pour un service rendu
I, Salem Witches Story:
In the town of Salem in 1692, eight young women fell ,victim as i say, to "fits, outbreaks of obscene babbling ». The girls claimed they were bewitched by other members of the community and possessed by the devil.
Among the first accused were Sarah Good, Sarah Osbourne, and Tituba. Good, was orphaned as a teenager at the death of her mother (a French innkeeper)and she was the town beggar, noted for her strange "muttering." Osborne was a bedridden old woman and she was very puritans. Tituba was the Carib Native American slave of Samuel Parris. All were poor, and on the borderline of the community.
These women were charged with witchcraft on March 1 and put in prison. Other accusations followed: Dorcas Good (daughter of Sarah Good), Rebecca Nurse (a bedridden grandmother ), Abigail Hobbs, Deliverance Hobbs, Martha Corey, and Elizabeth and John Proctor. As the number of accusations grew, the jail populations of Salem, Boston, and surrounding areas increased, and a new problem surfaced: Without a legitimate form of government, there was no way make a trial for these women. None of them were tried until late May, when Governor Phips arrived and instituted a Court of Oyer and Terminer (to "hear and determine"). By then, Sarah Osborne had died in jail without a trial, as had Sarah Good's newborn baby girl, and many others were ill; there were perhaps 80 people in jail wich were waiting for a trial.
Only one execution was not by hanging. Giles Corey, an 80-year-old farmer.As the Law says an alternative form of torture could be the « peine forte et dure » in wich the victim was slowly crushed by piling stones on him.As the story says Corey died without entering a plea.
In the summer 1692, the Court heard cases approximately once per month. Of the accused, only one was released when the girls recanted their identification of him. All cases that were heard ended with the accused being condemned to death for witchcraft; no one was found innocent. Only those who pleaded guilty to witchcraft and supplied other names to the court were spared execution. Elizabeth Proctor and an other woman were freed because they were pregnant. Though convicted, they would not be hanged until they had given birth. A series of four executions over the summer saw nineteen people hanged, including a respected minister, a former constable who refused to arrest more accused witches. Six of the nineteen were men; most of the rest were poor old women.
The land suffered along with the people. Crops went vry bad, cattle uncared for. Often, accused people who had not yet been arrested fled to New York or beyond. And for the Ending.
The witch trials ended in January 1693, people already in jail for witchcraft were not all released until the spring 1693. When governor of Massachusetts Phips was accused for witchcraft, he decided at last to appeal the boston area Clergy. These panel headed by a man called Increase Mather, stop the Witches-hunting. He said « It were better that Ten suspected Witches should escape, than that the Innocent Person shoul be Innocent »
This incident was so profound that it helped end the influence of the Puritan faith on the governing of New England.
Also, what could we say about this witchtes-hunting ? Do they were actually possessed by the Devil ? The manifestations were true, and repported in inhabitants and clergycal report. They have noticed hallucinations, tremblings, upwarded eyes etc. Is that a significant fact to undestand those « devils manifestations » as an mass hysteria movement ? This could be an hypothesize. Mass-hysteria could be an explanation, and Witches Hunting could be explicated just by a Puritans society. But now, we are convinced that the girls where not actually possessed by the devil. In 2004, a Scientist, called Woolf made a new theorie. He said that the girls were not possessed, but ill by eating something wrong. That's the Ergot Theory.
II, The explanation: the Ergot Theory
It is not believed any longer that the girls were possessed by the devil. So what really happened? Some experts believe the accusers were motivated by jealousy or spite . Some believe they were afflicted by hysteria, a form of mental illness and it could be an explanation of the savagery of the witch-hunt.. In 1976, a psychologist named Linnda Caporeal discovered the girls' symptoms (convulsive movement, stupor, delirium, and hallucinations) were comparable with the took of LSD or hard drugs. And Woolf in 2004, made the hypothesize that as we know the LSD could be natural find in the mushroom of wheat: that is to say: the Ergot. Ergot is a poisonous fungus/mushrooms that often grows on cereal grains, especially wheat, when felds ground is wet and warm (like in a swanp) which were very common around Salem. Ingestion of infected grains can lead, in severe cases, to ergotism . The people of Salem did not find any other name for the symptoms of ergot poisoning except to call it « witchcraft ». This Hypothesize is corroborate by the way in animal were even infected, and by tremblings, some cows died unexplainly. In fact even in 1693, this « ergotism » was known by inhabitants of Salem and New England, they called it « Holy Fire » or « Ignis sacer ». And during the middle ages, occured many fungus epidemy. Gangrenous or convulsive these infections where characteristic by vertigo, disturbances in sensation, hallucination etc. There was no report for gangrene in Salem.
To conclude with these Ergot theory, Ergot poisoning has also been linked many times with witchcraft. And he is for many cases the execution motive during the era of the Holy Inquisition in Europe in the late 1600.
To conclude, Salem case, is not widely the only one misscariage of justice wich is based on reactions against unexplainly phenomenals. The interesting thing to know is why do this kind of legeng is became famous in united states. Actually we knows that there is no witches, that the demonicals demonstrations where caused by an infection. But in united states, these case feed the Puritany talks about the burden of mens, under God, and the obligation to be submissive under the chief, that is to say, in fact, the respect of familial structures, or the place of the patriarch. Salem cases is nowadays a kind of debate-arena, used by democrats or republicans, firstly to attack a puritan society, and secondly to show how important are the traditionnals structures and the religion.
And that's why, today, this great story of Salem, the greatest witch-story in United States, could be consider, as one of the funder-story of the american culture.
modérateur Aes Sedai Co-resp de la Tour Blanche demi-Fluffy
I, Salem Witches Story:
In the town of Salem in 1692, eight young women fell victim, as we may say, (enfin ca me plait pas trop ... je vais y réfléchir ... note que je suis au boulot là to "fits, outbreaks of obscene babbling ». The girls claimed that they were bewitched by other members of the community and possessed by the devil.
Among the first people charged were Sarah Good, Sarah Osbourne, and Tituba. Good, was left alone as a teenager when her mother, a French innkeeper, died ( orpheline a la mort de sa mère ... logique ) and she was the town beggar, noticed for her strange "muttering." Osborne was a bedridden old woman and she was very puritan (scrogneugneu les adj sont invariables !! ) . Tituba was the Carib Native American (elle est de quelle origine ... métisse ... caraibes ET Indiens?? slave of Samuel Parris. All were poor, and on the borderline of the community.
modérateur Aes Sedai Co-resp de la Tour Blanche demi-Fluffy
These women were charged with witchcraft on March, 1st and put in prison. Other accusations followed: Dorcas Good (daughter of Sarah Good), Rebecca Nurse (a bedridden grandmother ), Abigail Hobbs, Deliverance Hobbs, Martha Corey, and Elizabeth and John Proctor. As the number of accusations grew (j'ai besoin de mon unilingue...je te corrige ca en rentrant ), the jail population of Salem, Boston, and the surrounding areas increased. Due to that, a new problem appeared : Without a legitimate form of government, there was no way to trial these women. None of them were tried until late May, when Governor Phips arrived and instituted a Court of Oyer and Terminer (to "hear and determine"). By then, Sarah Osborne had died in jail without a trial, as had Sarah Good's newborn baby girl, and many other women were ill; there were perhaps 80 person in jail waiting for a trial.
Hum voilà voilà, j'ai un léger tout petit ridicule problème Le prof de philo nous a donné une dissert à faire, à rendre pour demain...La question posé est: "Une pensée cohérente est-elle nécessairement vraie"? Il me faudrait la problématique de ce sujet ,parce que j'avoue que je galère à la trouver...J'avais pensé à : "Un raisonnement logique peut-il être faux" ou "La vérité est-elle universelle" mais je ne pense pas que ce soit ça...
Si quelqu'un pourrait m'aider siouplait , parce que sinon ça va encore être dodo que vers 2h du mat'
Voila, j'espere que vous serez nombreux à y participer !
un jour je te demanderai bien de traduire les règles de mes jeux en allemand.
je me porte volontaire 
